ABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a Prevalência de ametropias e anisometropias em crianças no ensino fundamental nas escolas de 14 municípios do estado de Alagoas. Métodos: Realizado um Estudo retrospectivo com dados de 40.873 alunos na faixa etária de 7 a 15 anos. Os pacientes com qualquer erro refrativo foram considerados ametropes e erros maiores que - 0,75D ou + 2,00D esféricos ou maiores que -0,75D cilíndricos com queixas visuais significativas tiveram óculos prescritos e anisometropia considerada com a diferença maior de duas dioptrias. Resultados: Encontrado prevalência, 5,2% de ametropias. Astigmatismo miópico composto (28,99%), seguido de astigmatismo hipermetrópico composto (20,39%). E anisometropia, de 10.38%. Conclusão: Conhecer a prevalência infanto-juvenil de ametropias e anisometropia na população é fundamental para a adoção de estratégias para diagnóstico e tratamento correto de causas evitáveis de baixa visão.
ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate a prevalence of ametropias and anisometropias in elementar school children from 14 cities in the state of Alagoas. Methods: A retrospective study, total of 40.873 students, between 7 and 15 years of age, were examined. Patients presenting any refractive error were considered ametropic. Only patients claiming eye complaints with spherical errors greater than -0.75D or +2.00D and cylinder error greater than -0.75D were prescribed eyeglasses. Anisometropia was considered when the refractive difference between the two eyes was of 2 diopters or more. Results: 5.2% presented ametropia. Compound myopic astigmatism (28.99%) and compound hyperopic astigmatism (20.39%). And anisometropias was 10.38%. Conclusions: Understanding the prevalence of ametropias and anisometropias among children is essential to implement strategies for the correct diagnosis and treatment of avoidable visual impairment causes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Refractive Errors/epidemiology , Schools/statistics & numerical data , Students , Anisometropia/epidemiology , Refractive Errors/diagnosis , Anisometropia/diagnosis , Vision Screening , Eye Health , Prevalence , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To investigate horizontal image disparity in three-dimensional (3-D) perception using 3-D animations in normal control patients and patients with intermittent exotropia, anisometropic amblyopia, and partially accommodative esotropia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 133 subjects were included. Stereopsis was measured using the Titmus Stereo test (Stereo Optical Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and a 3-D stereopsis test with a 15 inch 3-D display laptop, adjusting 3-D parameters of 0 mm horizontal disparity to 15 mm horizontal disparity. RESULTS: When compared with normal controls, the average threshold of the 3-D stereopsis test was significantly reduced for esotropia patients (p<0.001) and for anisometric amblyopia patients (p<0.001), compared to normal controls. No significant difference was observed between normal controls and intermittent exotropia patients (p=0.082). The 3-D stereopsis test was correlated with the Titmus Stereo test (Spearman's rho=0.690, p<0.001). Mean difference in stereoacuity was 1.323 log seconds of arc (95% limits of agreement: 0.486 to 2.112), and 125 (92.5%) patients were within the limits of agreement. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that a 3-D stereopsis test with animation is highly correlated with the Titmus Stereo test; nevertheless, 3-D stereopsis with animations generates more image disparities than the conventional Titmus Stereo test. The 3-D stereopsis test is highly predictive for estimating real stereopsis in a 3-D movie theater.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Amblyopia/diagnosis , Anisometropia/diagnosis , Depth Perception , Esotropia/diagnosis , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/instrumentation , Perceptual Disorders , Software , Vision Disparity , Vision, Binocular , Visual Acuity/physiologyABSTRACT
As the eye grows, the axial length increases while the cornea and lens flatten. High refractive errors which are common in the neonatal period, reduce rapidly during the first year of life through the process called emmetropization. The possibility that long-term full- time glasses wear may impede emmetropization must be considered. Hyperopia greater than 5.00 diopters (D) in young children is associated with an increased risk of amblyopia and strabismus, therefore optical correction should be prescribed. When hyperopia is associated with esotropia, full correction of the cycloplegic refractive error should be prescribed. Myopia greater than 8.00 D and astigmatism greater than 2.50 D are common causes of isometropic amblyopia. Patients with hyperopic anisometropia with as little as l D difference between the eyes may develop amblyopia while the difference should reach 3-4 D for myopic anisometropia to develop amblyopia. Full cycloplegic refractive difference between two eyes should be given to the anisometropic child in spite of age, strabismus and degree of anisometropia. Myopia control is the attempt to slow the rate of progression of myopia such as cycloplegic agents, plus lenses at near, and rigid contact lenses.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Age Factors , Anisometropia/diagnosis , Astigmatism/diagnosis , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Hyperopia/diagnosis , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature , Male , Myopia/diagnosis , Optometry/methods , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Prevalence , Prognosis , Refractive Errors/diagnosis , Risk Factors , Thailand , Treatment Outcome , Visual AcuityABSTRACT
Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi analizar os efeitos da anisotropia na visäo binocular em crianças normais e portadoras de discreta ambliopia. Métodos: 20 pacientes com idade entre 6 e 12 anos foram estudados. Todos tinham pelo menos 40 segundos de arco de estereopsia. 10 pacientes tinham acuidade visual normal (controle), e 10 tinham leve ambliopia monocular.A interaçäo binocular foi medida pelo estereoteste de Titmos e o teste de Worth 4 pontos de luz - W4D. Miopia, hipermetropia e astigmatismo a 90º e 45º (variando de 1 a 4 graus) foram introduzidos unilateralmente em cada indivíduo usando armaçäo de prova. Resultados: Todos os indivíduos, independente do grupo, demonstraram uma diminuiçäo na funçäo binocular com o aumento dos níveis de anisometria. Isto foi detectado pelo aumento da área de supressäo no teste de W4D e no decréscimo da estereoacuidade no teste de Titmus. Näo houve diferença dos valores medianos da estereopsia entre os grupos em nenhum nível de anisometria. Conclusäo: Pequenos graus de anisometria podem causar significantes alteraçöes na funçäo binocular em crianças. Leve ambliopia monocular parece näo afetar significativamente essa relaçäo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Amblyopia/diagnosis , Amblyopia/prevention & control , Anisometropia/diagnosis , Vision, BinocularABSTRACT
Os autores estudaram 79 casos de pacientes portadores de anisometropia e relacionaram severidade da anisometropia com graus de ambliopia, tipos de erros refrativos, posiçäo dos olhos e os resultados finais do tratamento. Foi observado um maior número de pacientes com ausência de ambliopia 11 (33,3/100) nos casos de anisometropia pequena. Como resultado relacionado à acuidade visual, tivemos: 17 (21,5/100) com resultado classificado como ótimo, 25 (31,6/100) como melhor, 1 (1,3/100) como pior e 11 (13,9/100) como inalterado. Os autores enfatizaram a necessidade da detecçäo precoce da ambliopia e da orientaçäo aos pais